Start with the text
Collect every identifying characteristic before naming any institution.
What power emerges from the fourth kingdom and challenges God’s authority?
Daniel 7 repeats the kingdom sequence with beasts and then focuses on a little horn arising among the divisions of the fourth beast. The horn is political and religious: it speaks great words against the Most High, persecutes the saints, intends to change times and law, and dominates for a prophetic period. Historicist Adventism identifies this symbol with the medieval papal system, not with individual Catholics.
Reformation principle. Prophecy should identify systems by characteristics, not justify hostility toward people.
Collect every identifying characteristic before naming any institution.
Ask what power emerges from the geographic and political setting described by the prophecy.
Compare the prophetic period, religious claims, persecution, and attempted change of divine times and law.
Ask whether preterist, futurist, or historicist identifications explain the full sequence with the fewest forced assumptions.
A prophetic identification addresses a historical-religious system, not the moral worth of individual believers.
Preterist and futurist interpreters identify Daniel’s symbols differently. The historicist case depends on continuity between the fourth kingdom, its divisions, and the horn that emerges among them.